Kanjani Okunqamuzana Kwemikhumbi Kuphathelwa Ngokulahlekelwa Kwezulu?

Indima Yobuchwepheshe YeNqamuzana Yemikhumbi Ekuphathelweni Kwezulu

Indima yokubuchwepheshe yenqamuzana yemikhumbi emagodini okuthutha izinhlayiya

Isixhobo sekhondla sisiseko esibambisa konke kusuka kumathuba amakhulu akunzulu. Le ngxenye isekela wonke umgwaqo wamanzi bese kumele ibe yinkohlakala kumandla wophazanyo olususelwa ngaphandle ngaphandle kokuhlukunyamala. Xa kubambiswe ngokugcwele kumgxeko opheleleyo wekhondla, oku kunceda ukuthi izwire zingahlale zihlupheka kakhulu futhi kunciphise ukuthi kukhona isikhathi esanele phakathi kwazo ngisho xa imvura iphazanyiswa. Isimo sobuchwepheshe sibalulekile kakhulu. Izihlalo ezininzi zibambisa ubunzima ngaphezu kwemithombo, lokhu kuhle, kodwa futhi zilanda impazanyo engezelela, yenza amandla aphezulu. Ngalesi sikhathi abasebenzi basebenzisa ixesha elide ekufundeni ukuthi ziphi izinyathelo ezivamile nezinzuzo eziphathekayo kuzo zonke izindawo zokufaka.

Ukukhetha komongo wephahla eliphezulu: Isteeli, umthi, nezinhlayiya

Isityal isaze sigoduka uma kufika emakhanda apho kunezulu ezimbi ngoba yisikhathi esinamandla kangaka kunokulinganiselwa nokunye. Singasebenzisa izulu ezingaphezu kwe-150 miles per hour ngaphandle kokuchitha. Isihlaba singaba nyane kunokungcono, kodwa kudinga ukulungiswa okuthile ukuze kuphumelele ku-70 kuze kube ngu-80 percent yokusebenza kwesityal ngezulu. Lokhu kwenza isihlaba sibe yindlela engeyiyo ekukhetheni uma kunezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Kodwa izinto ezidolophiwe ne-fiber reinforced plastic noma izinto ze-FRP ziyakhula kakhulu. Lezi zibalo zinamandla njengalesi isityal kodwa zinommandla odala ngu-40 percent. Ngaphezu koko, azingabi bonakala ngokomoya, lokho kuyisizathu abantu abaningi bakhetha kubo amakhanda apho umoya oshishayo wamanzi ongcwele ungasiba izinto ezinye ngonyaka.

Ukulinganisa phakathi kwezinqumatha ezenzekelayo kanye nezinqumatha eziphakeme ngaphansi kwegugu lezulu

Izimboni zokudondoma zesihlangothi ziyaphakama kuziphazanyiswa zezenzo eziphakeme kakhulu ngokuphindaphindwe kuka-18–22% kunazo eziverticali, ngokwesibonelo esisuka ku-computational fluid dynamics modeling. Nakuba izinhlelo eziverticali zilahlela ukulayishwa kwegazi, zenza into ibe yinkimbinkimbi ekuphatheni kwesikhathi sezihlangothi. Ukuze kube yingozi, izinhlelo ezintsha zisebenzisa izinhlelo ezinezinkinga ezingcolileyo ezingezansi izikhangeli zokulahleka ngaphezu kuka-30% engalunganga izikhungo ezinhlelo yesilinda sokunamathela.

Iziprinsipi Zokudizaina Teknologiji Ukuphatha Izindleko Zezenzo

Amastandela Namahluko Lokudizaina Izindleko Zezenzo Kuzimboni ZeCantilever

Ukudizaina kusobala kuzimiso zika-ASCE/SEI 7-22, okwaziwa ngokuthi yisihloko esidolobheni sokubala izivivanyo zezakhiwo. Ngokwalezi zimiso, kumele kube nesilinganiso sangaphandle se-1.5 xa kusebenzela imvavanyo enzulula. Kwezindawo ezithintekileyo kumavungu noma ukuxhema okuphelele, izakhiwo zenhlangothi eziphambili kumele ziphinde ziphendule imvavanyo engaphezu kwemayili engama-100 ngosuku ungabi nalutho. Ukuze kubalwe ukuthi lezi zixhumanisi ziqhubeka kanjani ngonyaka, abasebenzi basebenzisa izivivanyo zokugcina (fatigue tests) ngokusebenzisa into eyaziwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwesimanje (finite element analysis - FEA). Lokhu kwenza umfanekiso wokuthi kusobala njani ngelinye elirare kodwa elikhulu lomnyaka we-50 wokuxhema futhi kunciphisa indawo ekwenzeka khona ukuthi ivivanyo iphakeme kakhulu. Isicwangciso esisha sengo-2023 ngokukhanya kwegridi kubonise ukuthi izinxumanisi ezinguqingo zibeka imvavanyo yesililo ngamabhili angu-18 kunazo ezijwayelekileyo ngoba amandla aphepha kahle kuphela ngaphakathi kwazo ngendlela engafakiwa phansi.

Ukumiswa Kwegazi Kunye Nokunciphisa Iingcidezelo Zokukhala

Iindlebe eziphambili neengcinezelo ezimiselweyo zikunciphisa ukukhala ku-40%, ngokwesicwangciso sezihlava esinikezwe kwi-2023 Aerodynamic Infrastructure Report. Iindlela ezibalulekileyo zokumiswa kufunyanwa kwiindlela ezingaphandle ukuthintana nokuphulwa kwemfazwe, iindawo ezitholakalayo ekunciphisweni kwesisiseko sesifundo, kunye neempahla ezilondoloswe ezingavaleki imvula igazi kumathuba amathathu.

Ukuchaneka Kwimpendulo: Ukuthabatha Iindiza ZeGazi KwiConductors KwiTower

Iimpahla ezinxenxe ziyinyaniso ngaphezulu kwezindlu eziphambili ngokuthatha 72% yezizathu zezigazi ngqo kumazuzu atyholo ngeendawo ezidiyeleleyo. Idatha yesixhobo sokulinganisa ukugcinca kumathuba aphakade emasentlwanini aqwalasela ukuba iimpahla ezindawo zine-30% ngaphezulu kwezidingo zokubandakanya ezidlulangoko ngamazuzu angu-70 mph, ekhombisa ubunzima bokumiswa okuhle kwimpendulo.

Izithuba Zokuphatheka, Ukwahluka, Kunye Nokubaluleka Kwesistemu Kwikumkani Eziphumayo

Kumazwe apho izulu eziningi zihlwa, izandla zokudlulisela ziqukethe izinhlelo zokugcina. Uma izibhuloti ezinkulu ziphula ngemva kwezimvavumo eziphakeme, izipini zesibili zokudibanisa zisebenza ukuze zilimele ukuphulwa kweqondo. Manje abalimi abaningi bafuna izinketho ezinguququkayo njengezinhlanganisela ze fiberglass polyester ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezivela ku steyili njengoba zihlinzeka kakhulu kuhlaba. Umlando wokuthutha kwamandla ekuseni ubonisa ukuthi lezi zinguququkayo zilondoloza okungenani amashumi asishiyagalombili anguqondo lwazo noma emva kwegore elinesithupha lomnyaka wokubhabhena kumoya oshukile nobuhlungu. Lezi zindlela zokudala zifanisana nezidinga zeNESC 2023 ezingcono kweqiniso lokuphepha kwindiza yezulu ezingaphezu kwezibalo ezizenzakalelayo ngamashumi ayishumi alishiyagalombili. Lokhu kudingekayo kunciphisa uhlelo olusemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsindo wokuphepha ungenelela uma Umama Ntaba inyakaza izinyoka zakhe ezikhulu kumgcino wethu womthelela komoya.

Ukuvibration Kusuke Kuwind Amaqondo Afanelekileyo

Izindlela Zokuvibration Kusuke Kuwind Kuzindlu Zokudlulisela

Izimboni zihlengene nge-vortex shedding, izikhuthazelo ezivuthelwa yisiphumo, ne-galloping–izikhuthazelo eziphansi kakhulu kodwa ezakhulu kakhulu ezibangela 37% yezithwala ezingavunyelwanga emathontweni aphepha, ngantso kwenzeka ngo-2020 Ukuziphatha Kwezimali lezi ziphumo ziyakhula uma umoya uyahlanya nasekunene kumazimboni amandulo (kude kune-8 imitha), ekhuthaza izixhobo zokuziphatha.

Iziphumo zokuvutha kanye nezindlela zokulahla ukuvutha kumazimboni amandulo

Ukuvutha kusenzeka uma umoya ophuthelayo unxibelela nomthetho wokuziphatha kwebomu yomzimba, okhuthaza izixhobo zokuziphatha ngapakathi kuka-160–300%. Izisombululo ezintsha zibandakanya izilahliro ezilungileyo nezimbotshana eziqashelwayo ukuhlawula umoya osebenzayo. Izivivino emhlabeni emazweni afana nalezo apho kuhlangana izityalo kubonisa ukuthi lezi ndlela zilahla izikhuthazelo ezide ngapakathi kuka-55–72%, njengoko kuchazwe kuzivivino zokuvutha.

Ububi bokugcina ngokuphindaphindwa komoya: Iminyango yesifungo kanye nokulungiswa

Ukulayisha okuphindaphindiwe ngemvane yokungena kuyehlisa ukudabuka kwamajoint, nokuthi incazelo yomphakathi ethola ukuthi kukhula uphumano olwesilinganiso nge-22% emva kokuphindwa kwezinkinga ezingu-12,000. Izinhlayiya ezihlelekile ezafakwe ngamasheli ebhuluki enza kube lula ukubeka isimo sokugcina ngokushesha, ukuvikela ukuthi kufakwe futhi kabefore ukudabuka kungaphephe ama-3 mm—lo msebenti owaziwayo emva kwezikhathi zokulinga.

Isebeleziso Yehlukahlukene: Iziphiqephesha Ezilandelayo Emshisweni Wempilo

Ukuhlolwa Kokuvala Kwesithili Emva Kwezivunguvungu Ezinezulu

Imibuzo emva kwezivunguvungu ivakalisa izinhloso efanayo emshisweni we-Category 4–5. Isifundo se-2025 esenzelwe ngendawo yokunqamula izivunguvungu ezingu-250 km/h sibonise imithambo yokuvala eyatholakala:

1. Ukudluliswa kwemithwalo emagodini amadoda emva kwekhiyelelo eliphindaphindile
2. Ukugayazwa kwebholthi ekugodini kwegolide lesteel, lapho umkhondo wasebenzayo waphansi kumodeli nge-12%
3. Ukugcina komdla weshandi okutholakala ekuvunguweni okukhule kakhulu okungeyi-140 km/h

Leli fumano lichazela izimbonzo zasehlabathini kusukela kunesizini samahurikani seGulf Coast ye-2023, lapho 78% yezingcinaba ezithintekileyo zazibonakala zinezinkinga eziphakeme kude kwezindawo zokudansela kumetjwara ngaphakathi kwemitholobala engu-30 cm.

Umrholo wokulungiswa: Ukuhlanjulula Kwesidingo Sokuvikela Kuzo Zingcinaba Ezihluphekayo Ekuhluphekeni

Izigugu ephakeme e-Aziya zasusa izindleko zokubuyisela izingcinaba ngo-40% ngokusebenzisa ukulungiswa okugcwele:

• Isholodo yesivuno esethula ubuchwepheshe bevangi ngo-18% (kubalwe kuzinhliziyo zomoya othutha nge-220 km/h)
• Ukugcina okuthekwane okwesilinganiso okuphendula amandla okugcina ngokugcina
• Amathari athintekileyo athintela 35% yezilonda ezihambisanayo kumagunya aphathekayo metjwara

Isahluko esingu-6 Okinawa sabonakala ukuthi izingcinaba ezilungisiwe zange zihlale kakhulu kwezihlupheko ngaphandle kokuthinta, ngokulinganisa no-52% kuzo zodwa.

Ukuvakasha kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kwamandla okuphathwa komoya

Izinhlelo ezintsha zezihlalo zisebenzisa ubumfundo bezimitholampilo nezobuchwepheshe ukuze kube lula ukulahlekelwa komoya. Kulinganiselwe ngezinhlelo eziqobo, izindlela ezintsha zifinyelela ukulahlekelwa komoya ngaphezu kuka-15–40%, ngokusho kohlu lwesigidini sokuthumela amandla ngo-2023.

Izihlalo ezingucomposite eziphazanyiswa yindiza yokuhlaba komoya

Izihlalo ezingu-carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) zibalase 65% ngaphansi kuka-steel futhi zinezigaba ezincane ngama-28% zokuhlaba komoya. Iziphawu zazo ezahlukene zivumela ukuthembeka kuhle kumoya othile. Izinhlelo ezingu-honeycomb-core zilahleka indiza yokuhlaba komoya ngama-34% emshinini wokuhlaba komoya njengoba ziqondana nokusebenza kwesilinda esibomvu noma i-steel.

Izisense zobufakazi bokuzijabulisa ukuhlaba komoya

Imithombo ye-micro-electromechanical (MEMS) enobude baka-0.5° ibhabhisa ukugayaza kwizulu, kuvumela izenzo eziphambile ngaphezulu kuka-53% kunokubuka ngobheki xa amavula adlula ama-55 mph. Izikhali zokukhokeleka ezifakwe kuzo zabelana ngezinguquko ezintsha ngomzuzu, kunceda ekulindeleni ukuphazanyiswa okuqhubekayo.

Imithombo ye-Aerodynamic Crossarm engenziwa ngamathikili futhi iyisisekelo

Amakhanda afakelwe akhazimula ayesiqhamo esihlukene ayamisa ivibrations evalelwe ngu-vortex ngama-19% emathuba okuvavaza kwindloso yezulu ngo-2024. Amajointi athutha avumela ukuhlungwa kwebanga elide kakhulu kuya kuma-1.8 meters, ukulungiselela izinguquko zemitholampilo ngasinye isimo. Amaphakathi angenakwenzeka ayadonsela ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho amavula ayafika ku-45 mph, ayamisa ivibrations ngama-27% emathuba aphambile.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Iziphi izinto ezilungile kakhulu kumakhanda phakathi kwezulu ezinamandla angekho?

Isteel ihlukahlukene isetshenziselwa ezindaweni ezinezulu ezinamandla angekho ngoba yenziwe ngokukhulu futhi yenziwe ngokudurable. Kodwa, i-fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) ichaza ukuthuthuka ngoba ingezansi kakhulu kwaye inempilo engcono kakhulu kwe-corrosion, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zaseNingizimu.

Kuyiphathelana njani iingcinga ezilunxantathini nezingaphakathi ngokuphulwa kweyowu?

Iingcinga ezilunxantathini zifakelwa phantsi kwimfazwe enkulu kunazo ezilungeleyo. Iinkqubela ezilungeleyo ziphula ukusetyenziswa kwegazi kodwa zinokuthintela inkcitho yomgca wokuhamba kwegolide.