Yiziphi Izinga Esetyenziswa Kwizixhobo ZePoles?

Ziziphi iizingo ezenzekelayo kwiindawo zokusebenza? Iinkcazelo ezimangalisayo kanye nokuba kuthinta kanjani i-injiniya

Iindawo zokusebenza ziphila iizingo ezinxulumene eziphatha indlela ekhethwa ngayo. Ukulinganisa kakuhle le zingo kuzivimba ukuhlatywa kwaye kuthuthela ubude bekhaya kuzo zonke iindawo zokwahlulahlula amandla.

Iizingo zevertically: Ubunzima beconductor, i-transformers, kanye nezinto ezithunyelweyo

Ukugcweba phansi kwezindiza zokusebenza kusuka kakhulu kuzinto zonke ezidinga ukuzondla. Izinto ezjikeleza izindlebe, izithuthi, i-communication boxes, izandla zezakhiwo, nezinsukwane zoceramika eziphansi zenza okuciniwa ngabasebenzi njengezimali ezingavayi. Khuphela izindiza zilandela ukubeka phakathi kwezimali ezingu-2,000 kuya kuma-3,500, nokho le daba iphakanyeka kakhulu emasotsheni apho kube khona inkulu yezinfundo ezihlanganiswe kahle. Xa izindiza azinakwenzela lezi zixhobo zingezansi, imiphatlalalo iqala ukujika kakhulu. Sathola izimo apho izindiza ziphazanyiswa ngomlando noma izizinda zazo zafika emhlabathini esithile, ikakhulu emva kwegcotho elikhulu lapho umlilo ususelwa. Ngakho ke, indlela engcono yokulungisa ibhekise kakhulu kulezi zimali. Isibonelo akuyona kuphela ukuba kwenzeke kahle kodwa futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimboni zenzekelayo zenzekela ukushisa ngemini ngemini ngaphandle kokuhlukunyama.

Amaloadha anjengo: Ukuqina kwegazi, ukuhlatshwa kwezinkinga zokulawula, nokudonsa kwesilulu

Iziphanga ziyaqasha izinkinga ezikhulu kusuka kumandla angeleki okuthi kuyakhiqiza ukuba ziphakamise ngaphansi kokushisa. Xa igazi likhala phambi kwesiphanga, ukuqina kungathatha ngendlela ikhona lecalo elibonakalayo. Ngokujinga, xa i-conductors zihlukunyezwe ngezilinganiso eziphakeme, zikhiqiza umandla wokuphatha okungahle kuthintela izahluko. Ngokwemithetho yosafety wezinye indlela, izindawo ezahlukene zenza imithetho ethile yokusebenzisa amakhaza namandla esilulu. Sebenzisa iZone 2 njengomdlongo lapho kumele kujengwa isiphanga sokuthatha silulu esinde ngaphansi kwe-inch half kanye negazi elishayi mil 40 ngosuku. Okukhangelwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi silulu esidonsayo emanzini kune-conductor kuyakha kudlwenga umandla wegazi. Lonke lo mlando wamandla kusho ukuthi kudingeka izindlu eziningi zokuthembeka, futhi ngamanye amaxesha abasebenzi kumele bafaka guy wires ukukhokhela izinhlangothi ezivulnerable.

Imithwalo yokugaya nokudlala: Izixhobo ezihamba, izikhangiso ezingena ngokuthandazeka, nezempetho zasezulwini

Xa kusekelwa kumandla okuhambayo nokuthi kusuke kufa ngokuphazanyiswa, abasebenzi basebandla baphakama ngendlela eyodwa nje yabo yonke into engathembeka. Ngokomzekelo amadila ezenzelela - xa aqala ukuthandaza emva kwezulu elibi, ubuchwepheshe bezazi buhla ngaphezu kwesilinganiso esiphindwe kabili! Kanti kanjalo imbangela yezempetho zasezulwini ethatha isimo sokuxhasana nokuthinta, kwaye i-transformers ayihambelani kuphela kodwa ibophephela ngokungcolisa. Lonke lohlengahlenga lumele kuqukumbeka ngendlela efana nezimodeli ze-finite element. Kwizindlu ezidinga ukuhlengahlengiswa kwezempetho, abasebenzi banikezela iispirali kunye ngezinto azinzanga kuzibulala xa zilahlekile, ekunciphiseni umthwalo ngaphambi kokuba kwenze ulahluko.

Indlela i-NESC ichazayo imithwalo engafunekiyo kumgubhu wamadila nezimali zokuphepha

Ikhowudi Yekhono Lokuphepha Kwesiseko, okanye i-NESC njengoba ihlotshelwa khona, isetha izivikeleko ezimbi ngokuthi kufanele kube yini ikhafula lomthwalo ngokwesimo sakho. Lezindawo zihlukaniswe ezintathu: Izone Zomthwalo Ophakeme, Omncane, neLishwa. Ngasinye kwezi ziphathi kunezivikeleko ezithile ngemikhondo yokuthi umthwalo ubalulekile kangakanani. Sebenzisa izone zomthwalo ophekeme njengomfanekiso. Kulezo ziphathi, izikha kumele ibalekele ukusuka ku-80 miles per hour futhi ibuye inzima ya-icy ice ephinde iphinde iyashisa incane. Ngokuphambene, izone ezilishwa azizange zifuneki lezo zimoto eziphambene ngakho kuzinake izidingo. Leli ndlela ikhuselela amakhabeli esiseko akhululeki nakuba kusemaphakathini apho kukhona imfazwe noma emadwaleni apholile kakhulu.

Izone zokulayisha iNESC nezivikeleko zezindawo zokudizaina izikha

Izinkcazelo zezindawo eziphathelene kakhulu kufundiswa ukubala kwesilinganiso sangaphakade sokugaya kwezulu ngokusekelwe kumnyango wamabanga angu-50; izinhlobo zomgwa wesilika esisuselwe kudatha lwempilo yezulu; izikhathi zezindlu ezibekwe emaphakathini amhlophe noma emadulwini asekhanda; nokuthi kudingeka kube khona uhlobo lwemifula ukuze kuthintelwe isidingo sekhabhakho.

Izinkinga ezimalayo zokuphepha: Ngani okungaba ngu-1.5× ukulinganisa kokugcina okuphelele akukhohlakali

INESC ichaza ukuthi kudingeka kube khona 150% yokulinganisa kokugcina okuphelele njengenkqubo yesiphazamo esifanelekileyo kulamathuba amathathu:

1. Ukulahlekelwa kwezinto : Izindlu zezimvu zilahla ubuchule bu-20–40% ngonyaka 40
2. Izivivanyo ezingahlolakalanga : Izihlanguza zokuhamba kwizinyo eziyindlala zenhlela iziseko ngama-300%
3. Ukuguquka kwezakhiwo : Ukuguquka kwindawo kuqhubeka kuhluka kumfanekiso otholakalayo

Lokhu kusho ukuthi isimo sezakhiwo sithinteleke ngaphandle kokulahleka kwegunya lemvu, ukuzingqa kwebhabhakho, ukudwelwa kwezinto ezilandelayo, nezulu elihlatshwayo eliphindwe kakhulu kunemithombo yempilo.

Imithombo Ebalulekile Yokulayisha: Abalawuli, Iziphumo, nezibophelele Zamanje eziqagelayo kumagunywa Okusebenza

Ukuqina kwegunya nenjongo yendawo njengamathuba amakhulu okubandakanya umda

Ukuqina kwemigqa yezinhloso kuthatha isimo esikhulu kumagunywa okusebenza, ikakhulukazi lapho kubamba noma kugcwaliseka ngokuphazimula. Isimo sokusondele kuka magunywa kuyisidingo esibaluleke kakhulu xa kufika ekukhuliseni izinkinga. Lapho izindawo zidla ngaphezulu, ukuchaza akusabi kuphela ngendlela etholeneyo—kakhulu kakhulu. Sathola izimo apho ukwanda kwezilinganiso ezingu-25% kuthola ukuthi kunezinkinga eziphefumula ngama-56% ngoba imizuzwana ihlala ibuye ibuye. Izimo ziyakwanda ngaphezu lapho kukhona ukungahambelani komphumulo phakathi kwezinye izifundiso noma lapho imigqa ivuselela ngendlela engadingiyo. Ngakho ke abasebenzi basekhaya bathembeka kakhulu emehlweni yokubala ukuze bafundeni lezizathu ngaphambi kokuthi kuthintelwe. Uma asenzi ngaphandle kwehlukanisa lokhu, sinezindleko zokuthi iziqu zingahluleke futhi zingasusa konke umbuthano wokusebenza ngemvula noma ngomoya ophefumula.

Iingcobo ze-fiber optic kunye neqhezu le-wireless: Ukunyuka kwezimali ezibini kwiindawo zokuphatha iindleko

Ukufakwa kwezinto ezintsha kwiindawo zokuphatha iindleko kwenza ukuba ubunzima buhlala buhlanganisa. Umzekelo, iingcobo ze-fiber optic zinokongeza phakathi kwesithathu nesihlanu iphaundi nganye inceke ebusuku bepole. Kwaye kukho ke iisell engaphantsi ye-5G ebalulekileyo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-75 kuya kuma-150 iphaundi ngamnye. Zonke zizi zongeza malunga ne-12 kuya kuma-18 percent yoko kube yintoni eya kuyilophayo indawo yokuphatha iindleko yethu emazulwini manje. Kodwa akukho mntla kuphela. Yonke into efakelweyo inokuthutha indlela esebenzisa ngayo indawo ukuleka kwesihlangu ngamandla okubophelela nokuthanda kudingeka ukuze kugcinwe indawo. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba kwenzeke ngendlela efanelekileyo. Xa iiindawo ziphinde ziphinde ziyasebenzisa ngaphezu kwe-85% yezigwebo, abasebenzi benginemfundo bazakumbonakalisa ukuba kudinga izakhono eziphambili okanye ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo emva kwexesha.

Ukulinganisa I-Sigwebo: Umbalo Wokusetyenziswa, Ukukhokelela Kwakhona, Kunye Ngezikhathi Ezingadinga Ukutshicwa Kwizindlu Zokuphatha Iindleko

Iziphanga zokusebenza kudinga ukulungiselela okuphathelene nokutholakala kwazo ngokuvamile ngemithetho ethathu ebalulekile: uhlobo lwezindleko, inkinga yokukhokha futhi, kanye nempendulo yokuqeqeshwa. Uhlobo lwesindleko lukala umkhawulo wezindleko ezisetyenziswa kumthamo wokholoka kweziphanga—ukudlula 67% kususa indima kaNESC esebenza khona 1.5×. Ukuhlaziywa kwegunya kukhombisa ukuthi iziphanga ezifinyelela 85% kufuneka zikhiwe ngokushesha ngokusebenzisa:

• Ukufaka kwesilinda sesteel (sibuyisela amandla kusuka ku-25–40%)
• Imithombo yeziphanga (iyancipha ubungakanani bebending nge-30–50%)
• Ukugcinwa kweepoxy (kuthintela ukuhlukuka kwezindlu ngemoto ephethwe kwi-92%)

Ukufaka futhi kumele kube khona uma ukusebenzisa kude ngaphezulu kuka-90% noma uma ukulahlekelwa kususa amandla ngaphansi kwezidingo zokusebenza kanye. Isiphumo esikhulu sokusetha lezi zindlela yomehluko kukuvikela ukuphazanyiswa okukhulu ngemvula engalungile. Fakazani izindlu zezinhloso umzekelo, zihlaba ngama-4 kuphela uma zilodwa kunazo ezivikelwe kahle. Ababhokezeli basebenzelana nabantu ngalesi sikhathi bakhetha konke lokhu ngamathuluzi okulinganisa ububi obubhekene nokuthi muni imali efelayo ekuphazanyiseni kusho kuthatha malini ukulungisa izinto kuqala. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina umbuthano wamandla wokumisa ngaphandle kokuthatha imali engaphezu kwezidingo ngokuphutha.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Yiziphi izigaba eziphambili ze-NESC ngaphandle kwezindlu zezinhloso?

Isikhundla esiphakeme kweNkulumo yeSewera leNingizimu (NESC) kukuseta imitholampilo yokuqhuba nokuphila kwamathuba okugcina ukuthula nokwesha kuzindawo ezahlukene zokulayisha futhi ukubheka izimo zebarazane njengezulu nasezinkangweni.

Kungani izilayisho ezivimba kubaluleke kumathuba okugcina?

Izilayisho ezivimba njengeyiphiqa yezihlangu, izikhathi, nezinye izinto ezidityanisiwe zibalulekile ngoba ziyenzela ngqo ubunzima bezakhiwo lomthombo. Uma akafakiwa kakhona, lezi zilayisho zingakwaza ukuthi izimpapaza ihluphe noma isibindi sasendlelini, okuyekela ekufakeleni.

Ukuthini izilayisho ezihorizontal na-zezitortional ziyenzela izimpapaza?

Izilayisho eziphakeme kusuka kuzulu naphakade yezihlangu, nakho izisindleko eziphazanyayo (njengoko izihlangu ezihlupheka nasezinkingweni), zingakwaza ukuthi izimpapaza ihluphe noma iphazanye, kudinga izindawo eziningi zokufaka kanye nezifundiswa ezinconywayo njengezwire ye-guy.

Lapho kuphinde kufakwe izimpapaza?

Kumele kubuyiselwe iziphiwa zokusebenza uma ukusetshenziswa kuvukelela ku-90% noma uma ukulahlekelwa kusula indawo engezansi kunezidingo zokusebenza, ukuze kubeke izimo eziphikisanayo ngemvula enhle nkakhulu okuthintana nokuphazamiseka kwegridi yezinhlayiya.