Kunjani Ukukhetha Isilinda Esifanele Kulamathuba Aphezulu?

Yazi Izinhlobo Ezibalulekile Zezilinda Nama-Option E-Mongo Ngomthetho Ophakeme

I-Suspension, I-Post, I-Long Rod, ne-Strain Insulators: Indima Yazo Nendima Yobuchwepheshe Kusistimu ye-HV

Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zama-insulator adlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zokudlulisa amandla aphezulu. Ama-suspension insulator asebenza ngokugcina isisindo sabaqhubi sisendleleni esekelwe kumasondo ama-disc. Lokhu kwenza onjiniyela bakwazi ukwakha imibhoshongo enezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene futhi kwenza kube lula lapho kudingeka imigqa ilandele indawo enzima. Izishuthekisi zeziteshi zenza ngendlela ehlukile, zinikeza ukusekelwa okuqinile kwalawo ma-busbar asindayo atholakala ezitsheni ezingaphansi. Akhiwe aqine ngokwanele ukuba akwazi ukubhekana namavolthi afinyelela emakhulwini ama-kilovolts. Izihlukanisi ezinde zenduku ziyaphawuleka ngoba zenziwe ngengcezu eyodwa eqhubekayo ye-porcelain noma yezinto ezihlanganisiwe. Lezi zisebenza kahle kakhulu ekumelaneni nokwakheka kokungcola, yingakho sizibona kaningi kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-EHV lapho izindawo ezinde zisiza ukuvimbela ukuqhuma okuyingozi phakathi kwezingxenye. Kukhona nama-insulator agqokwa emaphethelweni emigqa yokudlulisela ukuze agcine konke kuhambisana naphezu kwazo zonke izinhlobo zamandla asebenza kuwo njengokushintsha kokuphakama, ukuqongelela kweqhwa eliningi noma imimoya enamandla evunguza kulo lonke izwe. Uhlobo ngalunye lwenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukubhekana nezinselele ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ukucindezela komoya, ukwakheka kweqhwa ngisho nokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi iziqhumane ezinde zingahlala isikhathi eside ngamaphesenti angu-30 ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okuphindaphindiwe uma ziqhathaniswa nezinduku ezindala, okuzenza zibe ukukhetha okuhle ekufakweni okuningi kwanamuhla.

I-insulator ze-porcelain, I-glass, nezokulinganisa: Ukusebenza, ukulindileka, nokufakwa

Ukuthi kusetshenziswa yiphi impahla kubaluleke ngempela lapho kukhulunywa ngendlela imishini esebenza ngayo futhi ihlala isikhathi eside ngayo kulezo zimo eziphakeme. I-porcelain ibilokhu ikhona kusukela kudala ngoba iphatha ugesi kahle, ngamandla e-dielectric angaphezu kuka-150 kV ngonyawo ngalunye, futhi ihlala izinzile ngisho nalapho izinga lokushisa lishintsha. Iyini inkinga? Iyaphuka kalula uma okuthile kuyishaya, okuyinto ekhathaza ngempela ezindaweni lapho ukugcinwa kungelula noma kungaphephile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izinsimbi zokuzivikela ezingilazini eziqinisiwe ziyazihlanza futhi zibonakale zisaqhekezekile ngaphambi kokuba zishabalale ngokuphelele, okuyinto enhle ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha. Kodwa lezi zinsimbi ezingilazi azibambi kahle eduze nogu lapho kunosawoti omningi emoyeni, okwenza ukuba ubuso bazo buguge ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinsimbi ezihlanganisa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ziye zathandwa muva nje, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingcolile noma ezinomswakama. Zenziwe nge-fiberglass ngaphakathi futhi zembozwe ngerabha ye-silicone, futhi izakhiwo zazo ezixosha amanzi ziyasiza ekuqedeni ukungcola nokungcola cishe ngo-40% ngokushesha kunezinto ezivamile. Eminye imibiko yasensimini ibonisa ukuthi lezi zinto ezihlanganisiwe zingase zihlale iminyaka engaba ngu-15 ngaphezulu ezindaweni ezomile uma ziqhathaniswa nezindlela zendabuko zokwenza i-porcelain. Noma kunjalo, ngemva kweminyaka eminingi esekukhanyeni kwe-UV okuvela elangeni, kudingeka kwenziwe amafomula akhethekile ukuze agweme ukuwohloka ngokushesha. Uma sibheka lokho okwenzekayo manje ezinhlelweni zamandla aphakeme kakhulu, siqala ukubona izindlela ezintsha zokuxuba ezithatha izingxenye ezinhle kakhulu zengilazi noma ze-porcelain core futhi zizihlanganise nezimo zezulu eziqinile zokumboza okuhlanganisiwe.

Vavanya Izidingo Zokusebenza Kwesilonda Nenkqubo

Ubukhulu Bekhanda Lesilonda Nombiko Womthwalo: Ukwakhipha Izikhathazelo kwi-110 kV-UHV nezinhlelo ze-HVDC

Ukukhetha umthelelo ofanelekile wezivumelwano kudinga ukuzimela kakhulu ku-volti nje njalo kodwa futhi kuzindlela zokulahlekelwa kwamandla. Kwi AC yasendleleni phakathi kwe-110kV ne-800kV, izivumelwano ezinhleli eziphumelelayo zihandlela ngaphezu kuka-10 ukuya ku-12 kV ngayisekhondela. Kodwa xa sifika kwi-UHV (ultrahigh voltage) kanye nezisebenzo ze-HVDC (high voltage direct current), izidingo ziyakhuphuka kakhulu. Lezi ndlela zidinga izinto ezingenzekile ukuthi zibuke amandla angaphezu kuka-15 kV ngasekhondela ngoba amandla wamanzi ayakhula kakhulu. Ukusebenza nge-HVDC kunakekela imiphumela engcono futhi. Indlela amandla wamanzi edizayiniyo iyathembeka kuyaphila, kanti le ndlela ziqaqambisa izinkinga zentlango ngokushesha kunezinye. Inkinga yesicingo enzelana nokuthutha okukhulu kwezimali kanye nokwandla okungaphezulu ekugcineni. Abaningi abasebenzi base-engineer bawenzeke ukuthi bafaka ubungako obungu-20 ukuya ku-30 iphasenti ngaphezu kwalokho esisayo isistimu ukuthi kusilungile ngokushesha kwezi voltages ezithile. Sebenzisa izivumelwano ze-UHV njengomzekelo: ziqashelwa iqiniso eligcwele ku-1800kV ngomzuzu onke ukuze kubonakale ukuthi zizosusa kanjani laphaya. Okokuqala okuningi kamaqhawe manje asebenzisa izivumelwano ezinezinhleli ezinzima kuma-polymers kusebenziswa kwe-HVDC. Zahlanya amandla wamanzi ngokulinganayo kuleli gceke kanye nohlaba kakhulu kulapho kunesimo sokuhlaba nokudonsa okungcono kunezinye izinketho.

Ukukhokha Kwezimali: Ukulindela Izinkinga Zovutho, Ucuba, Ukuphakama, Nendawo

Ukusebenza kwezinhlelo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kusebenze ngokwemiphakethi emganini. Kumele izilungiseleli ezikhuphukayo zilinde:

• Izimali zovutho nasecubeni : Amandla e-cantilever ephezulu kune-70 kN kumgwa we-345 kV emakhondlovini apholile kucuba
• Ukuphakama kwegunya : Amandla ephezulu kune-120 kN ukuvikela izinkinga eziphinde ziphinde ziphakamise ngemvula engcono noma imikhambi engaphikisanga
• Izingcingo ze-seismic nendawo : Ukusebenzisa izivivinyisi ze-vibration emakhondlovini apholile kuzinkinga zenhlangothi noma ukudizayina okuvikela ukuthembeka kwezinyathelo emasimantshini noma emaphandleni avumbayo
  I-insulator ezinxunyeni zinika amandla okuphakama okuphezulu—kuningi kune-500 MPa ngokulinganisa no-40 MPa yeporcelain—ngeke ukuthi i-silicone rubber housing ikhuthaze izinkomba zokuhlaba kwezulu. Ezindlini zomlaba, i-insulators kudinga umkhawulo wokugudla kwe-25-30 mm/kV nasezinhlakanipheni eziphilogeni ukuze ziphendule isithunguluko sokushisa. Ukwemukela kwemithetho ye-IEC 61109 ne-ANSI C29.11 kusivikela amandla nomsebenzi wokuchazwa kwamathuba emthwakweni, kuvikela usuku olude lweservisi esihle.

Sicabolela Ukumelana Kwemvelo Nokuphepha Okudala Emasimini Ama-Mangaliso

Umkhawulo Wokugudla Nokusebenza Kwezimali Ezindlini Zomlaba, Zokushisa, Nezinhlakanipheni

Indlela abasebenzisa ngayo izilungiselelo kanye nendlela isikhathi labo esidlule sibangelwa khona ngendawo yabo. Xa kufika ekubekeni umgwaqo wokuhlaziywa, lo nguweyini omfushane kakhulu osekelweni kusuka ku-inzululwane elithile ukuya eceleni lesinye, kumele kube nesimodifike kizindawo eziphephile ukuze ungavunyelwe ukuphazama okungcono. Iindlela zomda ziphakamisa iingxaki ezithile ngoba ishabhu siphila phantsi kwaye siyenza iinkcukacha ezinokuthembeka kwiisurfesi. Ngoko ke amanzi amakhulu avela kuma-manufacturers anikela i-hydrophobic silicone rubber composites eyenjalo kakuhle ukuzisa ubomi kunye nokucula kwiinkcukacha eziphathekayo, ngakho ke ihlanza i-leakage currents esifuna sonke ukuncipha. Iindlela zedolobha ziphakamisa iingxaki ezinye xa izilungiselelo zihlaziywa yiingcinga eziqhubekayo njenge-sulfur compounds kunye ne-cement dust. Le ngxaki ingenzeka ukuba ibe yincwadi yemilo xa ibomvu, kodwa iingcamango ze-ribbed profile combined with regular cleaning routines zisenza imisebenzi engakanani kumthetho. Idesiya inika iingxaki zakhe eziyinxalenye xa ubaba buhlengwa kabangela ubaba buphazanyiswa kangangela ubomi obuphakeme be-UV. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba iglasi enkonyisiweyo enyanisekileyo iyahlala kulesi sigqibo esikhulu ngaphezu kwesiqhamo se-porcelain. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwindawo ehlahlayo, abasebenzi bayalinganisa i-leakage currents ngokucophelela, bazidinga ukuba babe ngaphantsi kwemeko ye-50 mA ukuze bangavunyelwe ukuphazama kwesithelo xa kumoya onobomi obuphakeme. Imithetho yokuvavanya ivavanywa ngokuchasene nokugcina okuphambene kakhulu emva kokuba kukhangeleke emva kwezigidi ezingaphezu kwe-minus 40 degrees Celsius ukuya ku-plus 80 degrees Celsius, ukunika ama-manufacturers uxolo olungakanani ngokudala kwamagugu ngexesha. Kwanjalo, imeko yokuvavanywa ye-mgwaqo we-hlaziywa ayiguquki ngokwahlala kuyo le zilungiselelo.

Ukukhetha izilungiselelo ezinamandla okuhlanjelwa kakhulu kunazo zonke kusenzo esihlakaniphileyo ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-25 ngokulungiswa kwebala, ukumelana nokuhlukaniswa komlando.

Sebenzisa Isahluko sokukhetha Ngokwehluko Lomthwalo Nezimo

Ukukhetha Izilawuli Zokungcola kwi-33 kV-345 kV AC kunye ne-UHV/HVDC: Ukonkelelwano lweString, Iyunithi nganye kwi-kV, kwaye iReliability Benchmarks

Ukukhetha izilavu ezifanele ziyaphila kakhulu ngendlela esebenzisa ngayo ivolthi futhi njengoba kusebenziswa ngaso emhlabeni. Xa usebenza nezinhlelo ze-AC ekuqaleni kwe-33 kV usukuze ku-345 kV, kudingeka ukulungiselela okufanameleneyo kanye nokuphepha kakhulu kwezimali ezithile. Ngokuvamile, phakathi kweminyaka engu-8 kuze kube ngu-10 yezinto ze-porcelain noma ye-glass ngalokho akhona 100 kV kuyafaneleka kakhulu emakhaya apho amathuba asaphuleke kakhulu. Kodwa izinto ziyahlangana xa sibuka izinhlelo ze-ultra high voltage (UHV) kanye ne-high voltage direct current (HVDC). Lezi zinhlelo zidinga into ethembekile kangangoko, ngokuvamile izilavu ze-composite polymer ezenza ukuthi izindlela zokuhlaziywa zibe nzima kakhulu ngaphezu kwe-25 mm ngalokho akhona kV kanye nokuphepha okuhle kwezimali. Sithola futhi lezi zinhlelo zidinga izilavu ezingu-1.5 ngokulinganayo komkhuba we-AC ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zihlawula ngempela izimandla ezikhulu. Izimo zokuphatha kule ndawo ziyahlukile kakhulu, kanti amajelo apha ayashintsha ngokushesha, kanti amajelo wokuphatha kumele abe ngaphansi kwe-0.05% yezinkinga ngonyaka. Kungasebenzi kanjalo ukukhanda okumxhinya, ikakhulukazi emakhaya apho kusobala ukuthi kunezinja eziningi noma imvubukelo enkulu apho izilavu mhlawumbe zizofuna ukugcina isilinganiso se-static tension ngaphezu kwe-50 kN. Abasebenzi basezimali bahlala bahlanza nezinsiza eziphilayo kuma-IEC 60383 ngokuphambene kwezindlela zokuhlaziywa kanye nezixhobo ze-ANSI C29 ngokulawula izilavu zomxhinya ukuze zisebenze kahle ngokudlula kwesikhathi futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi inxenye yonke yesikhashana iyasebenza kahle.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa