Iziphi Izinqumo Zesphaser kumgwa Wokulahla Amathambo?

Iziphi Ezibalweni Kuzo Izphaser Kumgwa Wokulahla Amathambo

Ukugcina Isahluko Neqhawekiso Lwamathambo

Izphaser zihlinza ukugcinwa kwehluko phakathi kwamathambo, zivikela ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinye ngeyonyame, ngemvuyo, noma ngokunyakaza okunzima—ezingaphansi kwezithupha ezimbili ezigxila emehlweni emibi (i-Electric Power Research Institute, 2020). Lokhu kuhlinzela ukungabi khona kwezikhampani futhi kususa ukungahlali ngakho-ke ngu-34% kuzo zonke izinhlanganisela zokulahla amathambo.

Ukudala Kwezimali Nezindleko Futhi Ukuncipha Kwehlelo

I-Spacers iyisisekelo kakhulu izidingo zomsebenzi wokumisa ngokusemthethweni kusuka kumgcindezo wokulahleka, ubusha, nokuguquguquka kwesithunzi phakathi kwezinkathalo eziningi. Lokhu kususa umthelela kwi-string yezilungisi ngama-40–60%, kuyekisenza into engu-19% yesigaba sangaphambilini segrid ye-infrastructure (Ingxoxo ye-IEEE, 2023).

Ukuthuthukisa Ubunzima Bokusebenza Nezimali Zokusebenza

Ukuxhasana Nokulahlekelwa Kwizilahlelo Ezimbili Kuzilahlelo Eziphakeme

Emasistemeni 400 kV+, izihlangu ezibangela—izigaba zezinhloso ezi-2–8 zokuhambisana—zingadinga izihlanyaphansi ukuze zilondolize iziciro ezifanayo kumahlaka we-30–50 cm. Lokhu kwenza kususa izimali zika corona ngu-58% kunazo ezinye izinhloso (CIGRE, 2021). Izihlanyaphansi nazo zikhiphilela ukuxhashana kuka Aeolian emathandabuzwini amude angaphandle kwe-300 km.

Uhlobo Lwezihlanyaphansi: Ipolymer, Imetal, nezimboni

Izihlanyaphansi Zezipolymer: Ezilula Ukulahlekelwa Kwezinsiza Nezixhobo Zokulahleka Kwemvelo

Izibhabhathane ze-polymer zaziyinkululeko eziphucukene kuzo konke izilawo ngalesi sikhathi ngoba zinikeza ukumelana kwezokhuqula okuhle futhi azizange ziphila. Lezi zinto zinomlando odwa kusuka ku-30% ku-50% kunazo ezinye izimoto, lokhu kusho ukuthi kunezinkinga ezincane kakhulu kumthombo wokwesekwa njengezetshelo. Ngoba azikwamukeli izokhuqula, akukho mngcipheko wezokhuqula ezihlukile. Izinhlelo ezintsha zingasebenzisa amathambo amaningi kusuka ku-minyaka -40 ku+120, futhi zisebenza kahle ngaphandle kwezincoma ze-UV. Ngokwemfundo etholakala yatorque news ngo-2024, lezi zinhlelo ze-polymer zilondoloza ama-95% ethongwa layo yangaphambilini noma kube sele isikhathi eside se-15 emasatsheni aphelile.

Izibhabhathane ZeNkabi: Ukuhlakanipha KweGugu Ngokwesithunzi KumaRiska WeKhiyelelo KweZokhuqula

Izikhombisi ze-metal zinezimali eziphambili, i-4-8 amaxesha okuqhubeka kwayo okunokwenzeka ngokusebenza kwamapholometha, okwenza lezi zinto zibe yisicelo esihle kiziko apho izulu ezilungileyo ziyafika apho ukuthembeka kwe-conductor kuyinto ethintayo. Zazidlalwa kakhulu kwi-low voltage setups enenjongo yokumkanya, iinguqu ezintsha zenziwe nge-aluminum okanye i-steel zineengcinezelo ezithile ezikusiza ukuba zilinde ngaphezu kwe-25 iminyaka xa zifakelwe kiziko eluhlaza. Okungcono? Iindlela zazo ezinokulahla kusiza ukuba abasebenzisi bahlale becazela ngexesha lokufaka ukuze bangavimise phantsi i-short circuits ngendlela eyingxaki.

Izikhombisi Ezinxulumene: Ukudibanisa Ubunzima Nezimali Zokumkanya

Ispesifaya zokuchazana zihlanganisa izikhondozo ze-polymer nezikhondozo ze-fiberglass noma ze-ceramic, zokulungisa iphethelo lengqikithi kanye nokukhathala komshini. Zingasebenzi ku-20 kN yomthwalo wokupheliswa ngelisho futhi zivimba amandla angaphakathi—kudingeka kumgwa wama-400 kV+. Izivikelo ezisebenziswe emhlabeni zibonisa ubunciphisa bu-73% bezinhlanziso eziphilisayo ngokushintshashintsha kunazo zonke izinhlelo zemithambo.

Ukukhetha Imitholampofu Ngokwesimo Sezulu Nenvironimenti Yokufaka

Abalungisi bakhetha izikhaphaziyakhi zepolymers kizindawo ezihlukileyo njengomphakathi wasekunene, izintlangu zezimali kizindawo eziphazinywa ngamathuba amaningi (nemvuzabulo yezivumelwano), nezinhlanganisela kizindawo ezingenazo ubuthengu obuphuthayo. Ukuhlolwa kwemo nyaka kuhlangane nesimo sezimali sesifundo sekhaya ukulungiselela ukuhlatshelwa ngokushesha.

Ukuphepha nokusebenza kwe-Electrical: Ukukhokha kuka-Arcing nokungqubana

Ukukhokha kuka-Electrical Arcing nokugayiswa kwezilungiso Ngokusetshenziswa Kakhulu Kwesikhaphaziyakhi

Izikhaphaziyakhi zibuyisela izigaba ezibalulekile zezimali ezingu-150–300 mm phakathi kwezixhumanisi, zikhubaza ukuxhuma ngenxa yokunyameza okuphakade noma ukunyakaza kwesithelo. Lokhu kususa imiphumela yesikhwama ngaphansi kwe-62% kunazo ezinye izimo ezingasikhaphaziyakhi. Ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kwekuhlelekile nokuchaphaziywa kubhekisa izimpondo ezibalulekile ekukhathazeni kwe-34% yezinkinga zokungqubana kwegridi.

Ukubamba kuka-Corona Discharge nokungqubana kwezimali

Ispesala zepolymers enezihlangothi ezinemigwashu zibangela ukuphazamiswa kwe-corona discharge ngendlela ethintana nge-40% kunazo ezizinzileyo zemithi, ekhubaza ngokubanzi ukungcono kwe-electromagnetic interference (EMI) emathethweni olotsha olunxulumene. Izivikelo eziphakeme kakhulu ze-765 kV zibonisa ubuncinane be-28 dB be-EMI xa kusetshenziswa izispeyela ezingavaleki noma zingachaziwe ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Ukulungiselela Kukhomba Kwespesala Nokulungiselela Kwegumbi Lonkululeko

Nakuba izispeyela zakhula ubuhlobo, azifaneli zilungise isimo esiphazinyayo sangaphandle. Iindlela eziphiliphi zilandelayo:

• Ukuhlaziywa kwesilinganiso sangaphandle ngonyaka (iqiniso: >1,000 MΩ/km)
• Ukuhlaziywa kwe-infrared thermography ukuze kutholakale "imithombo yenhlanzi" phakathi kwezispeyela
• Ukuqinisekiswa kwebanga ngenqubo yokuphepha engaphezu kwezilingo eziyi-15–20%

Isimo Sebhizinisi SikaSpesala Egridi Yobuhlobo Nokuncipha Kwemvume

Ukuchazwa kwezokwelapha kweminyaka engu-2023 yezimali ezingama-48,000 zombutho wokuthumela kubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo ezinamathuba adala iziphazanyo ezihlukileyo ngokuphindwe kabili kakhulu futhi zibini izikhathi zingcine izilungiso ze-insulator string. Izindlela zokuphila okulandelayo ezifaka ukubona kakhulu kwezimo zomthambo zangele izahluko zokugcwalisa ngokuphindwe kabili kakhulu emkhawulweni ongcono.

Izimphakatsi Eziningi Zokujikeleza Ngokwengenifolo Zomthambo Emasuntwini

Ukuncipha KweVibration Nokunqula Kwesithembu SeConductor

Izimthambo inquma izivivino ze-aeolian kude kwindiza, ikhupha ubunzima obuguquguquyiwe nge-30–60% (IEEE Power Studies, 2023). Kuzinhlelo ezimbhalo, inquma ukuthambulala —isahluko esikhulu esibhekene nokuthambulala esibhekele kuzahluko ezingu-12% zezindalo ezihlukileyo. Ukususa kakhulu kwenza izindawo zomshilo ozimeleyo eziphazanyiswa kuzinzile, ekulungiselela ubunzima bethole.

Ukuvikela Ukuhlanjulwa KweThermal Kuzimodi Eziqhubekayo

Izikhombisa ezinguqulo nezinqubo zelastomeric zithola izilungiso zokwephukela kusuka ku-40°C kuya ku-80°C, zihlinza ubume besikhwama esiqinile ngexesha lokutshintsha kwemvume. Oku kumkxhamla ukuba kunciphise kakhulu okungaphezu kwe-15 cm emilenzeni ye-400 kV, okunokuthetha ukuthi kugcinekele inyoka noma iingxaki.

Ukusondeza Kuphila Kwesixhobo Sokukhupha Ngokuthabatha Ukuquka Kwegazi

Izikhombisa ziyishintsha iindlela zokubandakanya ukuquka kwegazi kusuka kumazinyo, zibeka amandla aphezu kwamathuba angaphantsi nge-27% (i-EPRI Mechanical Loading Report). Idatha yesimilo ibonisa ubuncinci be-20% kwiindlela zokubuyisela umnxeba xa izikhombisa zisetshenziswa emilenzeni enobunkumkani obuphezulu.

Indlela Eya Kuvela: Izikhombisa Ezinhlekileyo Nezigidi Zokulandela Ezifakwe Khona

Izikhombisa ze-ngonyama zafaka i-IoT zenziwe ngamagijha abalwa namagejha okulinganisa ubomi, zinikeza idatha ngokuchasene nolawulo nolawulo olusebenzayo. Iinkamva eziphucwayo zibonisa ukuba le mithombo iyayiqondisa i-73% yezinga elizayo yezinto ezivalekileyo 8–12 iwele phambi koko kufikelelwe kumahluko opheleleyo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezihlenga Emgwaqweni Wokuthumela, Emasethashini, Naphakathi Kwe-Transformers

Ukusebenzisa Izihlenga Emgwaqweni Engaphezu Kwemigqa Yokuthumela Ede

Izihlenga zibuyisela ubude phakathi kwezihlenga ezimbili zomgwaqo wokuphakama kakhulu, zilungiselela ukuthi kungabikho ukuxhumana phakathi kwezihlenga ezimbili futhi zilungiselela izindleko ze-electrical. Kuzintambo ezingaphezu kuka-230 kV, ukususa izihlenga ngendlela efanelekile kusula izinkinga nge-28% ngexesha lenyoka enkulu, ngantso ya-Mahluko Wokulindile 2023.

Ukukhiqizwa Okuvuselelweyo Kwi-Busbars Zamasethashi Nama-Switchgear

Izihlenga zamasethashi zikhishwa ukuze zilinde amandla aphakeme kakhulu angaphansi komoya ne-engiya yokucindezela kunazo ezinye izihlenga zezintambo zangaphandle. Iziphawu zokudala zixhomekeza ekulungiseni ukugcina kwamandla emgwaqweni we-busbar, ngelengele izinhlelo ezintsha zazidla umnyama wamanzi abomvu futhi zilondoloze ubunzima bokulinganisa okuphakathi kuka-100 MΩ—lokhu kubalulekile kakhulu ekulungiseni izihlenga ezintsunduku zamasethashi angaphansi komoya.

Izihlenga Ezithile Kwi-Transformer Bushings Nezixhumaniso Ezibalulekile

Izikhombisi ezihlelekileyo kwi-bushing zamanyathelo amabini zihlanza ngokuphelele phakathi kwezinhlayiya zokuhlakanipha neengcindezi ezinamandla, zivimba izindlela zokulungiswa kwesilubhu kwaye zikhubaza ukugayiswa kwedielekthiriki—olunxweme ehlawulayo 19% yezimbotshane zamanyathelo amabini. Izinto ezintsha njengezikhombisi ze-silicone-rubber ngeezandla zokulinganisa umthwalo zakhuthazeka izikhathi zoksebenza ngo-40% emasibusini amadala anobukhulu.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ziziphi iinkumbulo ezimbi zezikhombisi kumathuba okuthepha kwayo?
Izikhombisi zibuyisela ubude phakathi kweenqwelo, zihlawula umthwalo wosetyenziso, zibanzekeke indalo yesistimu, kwaye zixhasa iindlela ezimbhalo zeenqwelo.

Izikhombisi ziphilisa njani iingxaki zezixhobo?
Izikhombisi ziphila kuzo ngxaki nokugcina komthetho we-electrical ngokubuyisela ubude obumangalisayo phakathi kweenqwelo, zokuba kunciphise isahluko sokungqamana.

Kutheni kufuneka ukhethe izikhombisi ze-polymer ngaphandle kwe-metal?
Izikhombisi ze-polymer zinika inkcazo epheleleyo yesixhobo kwaye zithembekile kwindalo, zibalulekile kumzimekiso ongcolileyo ngaphandle kokuthi kuneengxaki zokungqamana okuchaphazela izikhombisi ze-metal.

Kungani kumele usebenzise i-spacer ezinzima?
I-spacer ezinzima zifaka izikhulumi zokubeka ubomi ngemizuzu, esikusiza ekwazini ukuthi izixhobo zizakhaqazwa njani futhi sibukeke konke okuhle kwezihlondlo.