Izimakhiwane Ezibalulekile Zomthwalo Wamandla Nezimfuno Zazo Yini?

Izimfuno Ezisebenzayo Zezimakhiwane Zomthwalo Wamandla Kuzindlela Zokuthumela

Ukuchazwa Nenjongo Yezimakhiwane Zomthwalo Wamandla Kuzindlela Zasekhangeneni

Izixhobo zeendawo zokulayisha, okanye i-PLFs njengoko zibalwa ngokujolile kwiNdawo, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni iingcinga zokuthepha kumgangatho nokukhanyisa kwamandla ngokuphathekayo. Le mikhumbi enkululekileyo yezixhobo ihlanganisa konke kusuka kwiindawo zethu kumaqhuba, iintsontela, iintaba zokuthutha, kunye neentsiba ezahlukeneyo ezibonakalisa inxalenye yeenjongo zokulayisha amandla. Zihlawula nazo lonke uhlelo oluthile lwalapho kuzo umsebenzi wosuku ngosuku. Ngokomzekelo, umgudu othile we-230 kV ungalayishwa ngaphezu kweenguqu ezintlanu ezihlanu ezahlukene ecaleni ngalinye. Lokhu kunceda ukunika uboniso obubi bucala ngendima ebalulekileyo lezi zinto encinane kwiindlela zethu zokulayisha amandla ngoku.

Ukusiza Kwegcinezelo, Ukungasebenzi Kwamandla, Kunye Nenkcubeko YeeNjongo

Ii-PLF zixhomekeza iimpendulo ezintathu ezibopheleleyo zemfundo yokwenjinje:

• Ubunzima beGcinezelo : Iclamp zokuxhasa neengcinezelo zokuphela zithanda izililo ezifika kuye 150 mph nezinye iice ezingaphezu kwe-1.5 inches
• Ukuphephile kwezilonda : Izihlengahlenga ze-insulator ngezixhobo eziphulaphula ukuchithwa kuzinzima izilonda zokungasebenzi kanye ne-100 kV ngalinye i-foot, nokuba emazulwini
• Ukuphatha Ukulayisha : Izixhobo zokulawula ukuqinisekisa kubekwa phakathi kwemithambo, zibeka amandla aphindaphindwayo, zilandelayo ingcindezi yezinkinga ezisodwa ngama-60% kunazo ezifutshane nazo

Ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo phakathi kweNkxaso ye-Transmission

Imithetho ye-PLF yamanje ihlenze izinhlanganisela ezide emva koko izinqamuzana ezahlukene zisebenzisa ngokuhlangana. Izixhobo zokulahla ukuthakatha zihlanya nezixhobo zomoya ukuhlungwa kwizikhumba ze-aeolian, kanti imigqa yokuhlukanisa iyilapha okungaphezu kwezinye izigaba. Imithetho ethunyelwe ngaphansi kwe-IEC 61284 ibonisa ukuba kukhula okungenani kangaka emva kwegusha lesishiyagalombili ngeminyaka engu-10. Lokhu okuthile kubonisa ngempela ukuthi kungakanani izixhobo ezihlanganisiweyo ekugcineni igridi yesicwangciso esinamandla nokwenzeka kakhulu. Ngalesi ndlela yokudala, imigqa yesicwangciso yamanje ingasebenzise amajola ngaphezu kuka-2,400 noma kube khona ubunzima obuguquguqukayo phakathi kwe-minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit futhi 120 degrees Fahrenheit ngaphandle kokuchithwa.

Iclamp zokuphakama nezokumelana: Ukuphatha izindleko zomshini

Indlela leclamp zokuphakama zivikela izimboni ezingenakuphakathi futhi zilahle umsindo

Amaklampu okuhlinzeka kunciphuza ukulungiswa kwezinhlelo zezinhlelo zokulethwa kwamandla ngokwahlukanisa umbane phakathi kwezindlu zokuthutha neziphaphaza. Indlela lezi ziphawu zifuneka yenza yindlela ethembekileyo, zibophelela izikhangaye ngendlela yokugaya kodwa zivikela ukuba zihlale zihamba kusobala ukuze izinhlelo zingahlengi kabomunye xa kushintshashintsha ubude bezinkanyezi noma kunezulu elikhulu. Izivikelo ezithile zekhombisa ukuthi uma iziseko zifaka amaklampu angahlanjelana dinamikhi kungalokho kuba yisidingo sokugcina, kukhona ukuphansi kwegugu yezikhangaye ngama-15 kuze kube ngu-20% ngokwesikhathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi indawo yonke yesiseko samandla ihlala iphila ngaminyaka engaphezu kambi isebenzise futhi.

Izinhlobo zemaklampu okuhlinzeka kunciphuza kanye nokuthi kuthuthukisa: Kusuka ekwayeni elilodwa ekuhlengaleni

Iclamp yesiphaphazene esisemthethweni sithintana kusuka kwezilongo eziphakeme kuze kube ngamaloyi ebomvu alangeni, okunikeza ukukhathalela komphini omuhle kangaka ngaphezu kwe-40% emkhawulweni. Iinguqu ezinezikhumba zepolymers zibukeka njengoko zihlala ziyakhuthaza kumgwa wobushushu obungaphezu kwebholtaji, zinceda ekupheliseni kwesikhashana ngaphezu kwe-30% embonwini yase-alpine.

Ukusebenza kweclamps zenqanaba (ye-strain) kumigwa yokugcina nokugcina

Iclamps zenqanaba zihlaba izihlanti kizindawo zokugcina njengezitower zokuthutha okanye i-substations, zihlala zihlinywa ngamandla angaphezu kwe-50 kN emigwini ye-345 kV. Izandla zazo ezinezinkinga zihlinyela ukulula kwaye xa kuzopheliswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, okubaluleke kakhulu ekugcinweni kwe-stability yegrid xa kuneengcinga ezininzi.

Iimfuno eziphambili zokufaka kumzimu onobukhali kakhulu namabhabatha

1. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezothuthayo ukuze ufakhe amandla oclamping angama-90-110 Nm kwi-conductors ze-26 mm² ACSR
2. Yenza ingcingo yomda ngemuva kokufakwa kwi-125% yendawo yokuqwalasela
3. Thatha i-seismic dampers emaseleni athembekileyo ekuvikelweni ukuthambeka

Ukugcizeleza kwenovasi: Amakhanda ephepha eqinile engaqedi amathuba okulungiswa ngama-30%

Izaphiwo ezifushane njengezikhanda zephepha eqinile zibangela ukuphazamiseka kwemiphathi yokubopha, kuyakhusa ixesha lokufaka ngama-25%. Uhloloho olungasesikoleni luthola ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zilondoloza amandla e-tensile angama-99.8% emva kwezikhathi ezingu-10,000, zenzelula zibe yisiko esihle sokuxhumana kwezindawo zentliziyo yosimilo.

Izixhobo zokuxhumana nezixhobo zokudibanisa: Uqinisekiso lokuphila kwesigaba se-electrical

Ukudibanisa i-Conductors ne-Jumpers ngezixhobo ezivimbela zokuxhumana

Izixhobo zejelo lesimilo zifinyelela umlando wesigaba se-electrical ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezithile ezadibanisa i-conductors ngendlela yomthwalo nokuxhumana. Lezi zinto ziziphatha isimilo sangaphandle kwezinxalenye eziqukethe imithwalo yosimilo edlule ama-120 mph (NERC 2023). Izinxango ezihleliwe ngokupheleleyo zibanjwa izinkinga eziphazanyayo ezibangela ukuthembeka kumasebe ethengiselwa kwi-69kV-500kV.

Izisolutions zokudibanisa ukulungisa, ukunyusa, nokubuyisela emva kokuhlukunyezwa

Izindlela zokudibanisa ezitholwe kwindawo zenza kube lula ukubuyisa izilungiso ephindwe, ngokusebenzisa i-sleeves zokugcwalisa ebuyisela 98% yamandla wokuqala we-conductor. Izindlela zokubuyisa isilinda esisebenzisa i-tapes ezinezizinda neebhodi ezingcinwa ngesityebi zikhusela i-partial discharge events emazulwini athintekayo.

I-Bolted ngaphakathi kwe-Compression Connectors: Ukusebenza kumzimba ophezulu

Izixhobo zokugcina ziphakamisa kuzilungiso ezintsha ngokufinyelela kwi-95% yesilinganiso ngokusebenzisa ubunzima besixhobo (EPRI 2023), ngelixa izinhlobo ezinobumba zihlala zibalulekile kuzilungiso ezingashintekiyo.

Izikhumbuzo Ezibalulekileyo Zokusebenza: Indawo Yokulahla Kwesiseko Nokukhathazeka KweThermal

Kufuneka izixhobo ezihleli zenzekele ukususa umsebenzi wokuphila kwangaphandle kuka-200°C engaqediwa isiqiniseko, ukuqonda i-ASTM B987-20. Izifundo ze-thermal imaging zibonisa ukuthi izidimande ezihleliswe zibandla izindlela eziphakathi ngama-38% kunazo ezindala (IEEE 2023).

Izixhobo Zokuphepha: Ukulondoloza Kususelwa Kwezimali Nezimali

Izihlangu Ze-Arcing Namandla Okuphepha Kususelwa Kwezinyawo

Izixhobo zokuphepha njengezihlangu ze-arcing zithintela amandla aphezulu ahlanjwayo ngezinyawo away from izinxenye eziphambili. Lezi zixhobo zenza izindlela zokuhlukaniswa ezikhethekileyo, zibanda usizo lwempilo ngama-63% kunazo ezingaphephanga (NEMA 2023). Izidimande ezintsha zihlangana nezinhlangothi ezivela ku-polymer ukuze zenzeke amandla aphezulu kunesi-200 kV.

Amadhamphu aqinisekisa ukuthula kanye namasipha eqiniso ukulungisa ububi bokugcina

Izivivane ziqinezela izikhathi eziphindaphindwa ngama-17% kuzinto ezigcinwayo emakhaya aphambene ngokuxoxwa kwamagugu okuthwala. Amadhamphu wendidi yaspirali ayethulwa amandla wokuhamba ngamagugu abalulekile, kodwa amasipha aphepha umgama othile phakathi kwezilimi. Izinhlelo ezintsha manje zinezikhiwo ezifakwe kuzo ukuze zohlale zenzeke kwezimali ngexesha eliqinile.

Izinto zokuhlaba ukuze kube lunge kwezenzo kanye nabantu

Izigugu ezibuyayo kanye nezinqamlezelo zenzelula izinxubano ezihlakaniphileyo, zibophelela amakhrenti okungcoliswa ku-amps njengoko kuchazwe yi-IEEE 80. Iziguga ezihlanjwe zokuhlaba zange zibekwe kwi-arc-flash ngama-41% kumsebenzi wokuphatha izisiganeko ngo-2020.

Indlela yokusebenza: Ukuthuthuka kokuqashwa kwezinto zokuphepha nakuba izindleko zezinto ziphansi

Kwakukhula ukudemandela kumagunya ephephethayo yokuphepha ngama-20% ngo-2023 nakuba ayengeza izindleko zika-35% kunazo eziqinileyo zezinto ezinzulu. Amathuluzi akhetha ukuncipha izindleko zomlando wokuphila, nokuthi izinhlelo ezingcono ekuphileni kwamavungu kungenza kube yidingaka 3.2x emakhanda.

Izixhobo Zokuxhasana Ngokuchaza Ukufaka Kwizilungu Zezenzo Eziphuculo

Izihlangothi Nezibhambo Zemithambo Kwiindawo Ezivakalayo

Izihlangothi zinika umthelela ophefumlayo kwiindawo ezivakalayo, apho amathuluzi angama-89% ayisebenzisa izihlangothi ezinzulu zegolide ukuze aziphinde aphazanyiswe. Lezi zixhobo zisebenza ngokuvumelanayo nezibhambo zemithambo ukuze ziqine izilinganiso nemilo yezilungu ezidlangalaleni. Ingxoxo yoMthombo waseGrid yo-2024 yabonisa ukuba ukufakwa okuchanekileyo kwezihlangothi kunciphisa ukugcwalisa kwindawo ephezulu yesiphalaza ngama-42% ezindaweni ezingenaphakade.

Izixhobo Zokudibanisa Isiqalo NgeNgqigo Kwiindawo Ezidlangalaleni Nezidingekayo

Izikhululo ezinembeka njengezinhlobo zezinhlo zehelical zivumela ukuxhunyaniswa kwezigaba nezihlangu ezihle kuzindawo eziphazanywayo. Izinhlelo ezingavibotshelwa kuvibration zilawula 78% yezinhlelo ezintsha zegrid yenguni, ekwenza kube khona ukugcina okuncane endaweni yokuxhunywa. Abasebenzi bamanje bakhetha izinhlobo ezihlangene ezinikeza ubukhona obungaphezu kuka-20% kungezikhululo ze-steel ezigcwele.

Ukukhula Kwemithombo Yemithombo Ehlukileyo Kuthuthuka Ukususa Nezokulungisa

Izifandla ezakhiwe ngaphambi kusebenza kulinjeni ukuguqula amalayini kusuka eminyakeni kuze kube ngamadoda ngokusebenzisa izixhumanisi ezihlelekile. Izivikelo ezafundwa kusho ukuthi imithombo yezixhumanisi ezahlukileyo iyisusa amahora esiseko sekuhlela nge-35% ik comparison na lezo ezigcwele. Le mithombo ihlawula 53% yezixhobo zokulungisa kwabantu baseNorth America futhi kusukela ngo-2024.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Iziziphambo zejwayelelo zomthwalo yiziphi?

Iziziphambo zejwayelelo zomthwalo (PLFs) zizinto ezingcono kakhulu ukuze zixhunyane neziphinde ziphendulela izinto zezinhlelo yekhabhala elijulile, ekhuthaza ubumbeko nobubi bempilo yesiseko sesekethe.

Kungani izikhangiso zokuphakama nezokugcina ziyahlukana?

Amaklampu e-suspension asiza kuzungezileyo okungcwele, kubangelwa ukuphambuka nokuvumela ubunzima, ngelapho amaklampu ephepha anquma izihlanti ezizodwa, abeke isimo esithintekayo phakathi komphindo.

Kungani izixhobo zokuphepha zibalulekile kumgwa wamandla?

Izixhobo zokuphepha zihlaba ngokuphulwa kwegolide nezibophezelo, njengeyagoli nempazamo, ukuqinisekisa ubuhle nesivumelwano kumathuba wokuthunyelwa kwamandla.

Ziziphi izinto ezintsha ezithile ezigcinwe kumgwa wamandla?

Izinto ezintsha ezavela ngemva kokuqala kufaka phakathi amaklampu ephepha aqondene ngaphambi ukuze kube yimali yokuphila, nezixhobo zokuphepha ezinezici ezahlukeneyo ezakhelwa ngokugcina kakhulu kodwa nezenzo eliphansi.