Izinsika Ezahlukene Zezilonda Ziyahluke Kanjani Ngokusebenza?

Umbiko Womthelela Nokudizwa Kwesithunzi Sezinhlayiya Ze-Insulator

I-Porcelain Insulators: Umbiko Nomthombo Wezemvelo

Izilonda zezinkunkuma zazifakwe kakhulu emkhawulweni wokuthutha kwezinhloso ezide ezigcwele ngempela. Lezi zilonda ezihleli ziqukethe okuqukethwa kuka-40 iphesenti kaolin, 30 iphesenti quartz, kanye nembali engu-30 iphesenti feldspar ezihlukaniswe kangcono. Xa ziqashelwa kumathegekisi angasezingeni eliphumelela ku-1,400 amadigri Celsius, le minyaka ihlenza umphakathi wocingo obekwe ngokuphambene kwamakhristalu alandelanayo aqingatha aluminum silicate angalindeli izindlela zokugcwalisa ezingu-60 kilonewtons. Umfanekiso oqhudisiwe ungcolisa ukuthi ubuhlungu nobunye ababili bengacindeze ekhangebeni, lokhu kungowesibonelo ukuthi izilonda zezinkunkuma zisebenza njani ngokushesha noma kuzo ziphakamiselwe ezingeni lomthimba noma emahlathini apho amathambo akhona. Kodwa kukhona into. Ngenxa yekusobala kakhulu kwezilonda, zinendlela yokuhlukunyama noma ukugayaza uma kuthintelwa ngokuqinile. Ngokwembono yesimo sezimali yasendulo ngo-2023, amashumi amabiwe amathathu kwezinye zizonke ziyisebenzisa teknoloji yezilonda ngoba izimo ezihlathekayo zihlala zihlale zihlala zingahlelekanga ngendlela ayizazi ngayo abasebenzi. Kodwa, kuyadingeka ukuthi izilonda zezinkunkuma zinobunzima obubili phakathi kwekhilogramu eyishiyagalombili kuya kumashumi amahlanu ngalokilomitha esilinganiswe, futhi oku kubangela ukuthi kube nzima kakhulu kwezinye izidingo ezintsha zokuthutha ezifuna izinto ezenzima ngaphansi.

Izilavu Zeglasu Ezikhanyisiwe: Ubunzima Nezinhlobo Zokugcwalisa Ngokugcwele

Izilavu zeglasu eziyashiswayo ngokuchazela kakhulu ziyafinyelela amandla akhathazezayo okungaphezu kuka-140 kV ngalokho ngaphakathi, ngoba le ndlela ikhiqiza ubunzima obukhuphisayo kuzintambo zazo. Okwakhethekisa lezi zilavu kukuthi zisebenza njengemithombo yobulungiswa. Uma kunesidingo futhi zihlukaniswe, zivaleka kabonke angaphansi kokugayaya njengoko iglasi elinomlando. Lokhu kanciphisa izimo ezibulala ngempela nge-93 iphasenthi ngokwesifundo esekelwe ku-EPRI ngo-2024. Ubuncane beziglasu bekhipha abasebenzi ukubona izinkinga ngokujulile, nakuba kunethembeka elilingelilo. Emva kokuhlala emazulwini apholile kakhulu aphinde aphinde aphephe, lezi zilavu ziqala ukuthuthwa yizipheya ezincane ezintamweni. Ngaleso sikhathi, lokhu kubangela ukuba kuneziphumo ezintathu kakhulu ezidala izimali eziphazanyayo ngokungaphezu kuka-17 iphasenthi kunazo ezitjwalayo.

Izikhululi Ezinhlanziweyo: Isayensi yeSilicone Rubber kanye ne-Epoxy Resin

Izikhululi ezinhlanziweyo zisemthethweni zihlanganisa i-silicone rubber noma i-EPDM sheds ezothunyelwe ku-core yangaphakathi yephlathini eliqina ngempela. Lezi ndima zibeka ubunzima kabusha ngaphezulu kuka-50% kunazo ezijwayelekileyo ezithile. I-core ngaphakathi ingasebenze ngokwanelela amandla okuphazanyiswa angaphezu kuka-120 kilonewtons futhi ibeke amandla okuhamba ngisho ngama-15 degrees ngaphambi kokuchitha, lokhu kuyakho kakhulu izikhululi ezi zihlengahlenga emakhanda apholile ekutheni. Ababhali bakaqala ukufaka izixoxo ezincane kakhulu ezintsha kwizimiso zabo ukuze bangenhance ukukhuseleka kwe-UV. Ukuhlola kwasephandle kubonisa ukuthi le version enhloko ihlinza izici zakho zokukhupha amanzi ngisho ngeminyaka engu-25 phakathi kwemoto ephuthile. Kodwa, sekabekhona imehluko enkulu ngendlela abafana ngayo amakhanda athile ayakhiwa kwezimali ezivamile. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukulandela i-IEC 61109 guidelines kuyadingeka kakhulu ngexesha lokukhetha izinhlotshwa.

Ukubonakala Kulinganiso Kwemiphakethi Nezinkinga Yomthelelo

Lo phakeme kwezimboni kusiza ekukhetheni okuqondile: amathambo ngokuphelele kuzindlela eziphathelene nomthwalo obanzi; iglasi eqashisiweyo kuzindlela zasehlabathini ezikhululwe kwezicelo; nezibambiso kuzimali ezingenazo umthwalo noma ezinentshungwane encane.

Isebenzo Elekthriki Ngaphansi Kwezilingo Zovoltage Nezimo Zomphakathi

Amandla We-Dielectric Nokulungiselela Kwezilimi Kuzindlela Ezine-Voltage Emaphezulu

Xa kufanele kwenzeke ubunzima bokungahleli, izilonda ze porcelain zibangela ngaphezulu kunezinye ngalowo xabiso elihlelekileyo le-50 kV/mm. Igilasi eqashelwe iphinde iphumule ngamandla ngemvula ye-40 kV/mm kodwa izinto ezinhlanu ziphumula emuva ngemvula ye-35 kV/mm. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-porcelain ishada yakhethwa yisikhathi eside yizinto ezenzekelayo ezintathelene nezinkinga ezinobukhulu obungaphezu kwe-800 kV. Isidingo senziwa nguwo kukhona kwazo ukuba zinzile kakhulu nge-alumina, okwenzela ukuthi kunciphise kakhulu ukuphazanyiswa okuncane xa kuthembekile ekuphazanyiseni kwezinkinga. Amathulwana aphephile ayadinga ukuba abe nobunjalo obugcwele phakathi kwe-15% ku-20% ngaphezulu kwalokho okudingayo ngokwesimo sezimali esithile. Lokhu kenza ukuqashwa kwegumbi njengoba kuchazwe ku-IEEE standard 1313.2 yesi-2023, okuhlenza ukuthi izixhobo zilindelwe ngaphandle komthelelo wamanzi.

Ukushinga Kwesilinganiso: Izigaba Ezihlanjwayo vs. Izigaba Ezivamekile

Uhlolo olwaxhunywe ku-Scientific Reports ngenkululeko 2024 lapho kutholile ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kususa ivoltaji yekhasi phakathi kwe-40 ne-60 iphesenti kuzo zonke izinhlayiya ezahlukene. Xa izinto ziphakeme, izinhlayiya zokudala zilinda ngama-85% kwezidingo zabo eziphelele, okuyisilinganiso esihle kakhulu kunazo ezinye izinhlayiya. Iporcelain inakelela kuphela ngama-55%, futhi iglasi ingena ngokushesha kuma-60%. Izivivinyo ze-fog yeshabhu zibonisa into ethandabuzwayo futhi. Lezi zinhlayiya zokudala zingasebenze ngamadepho angakanjani ama-0.25 mg ngasentimeter esikwabiweyo kabefore kungaba khona ishishi. Lokhu kwenza kube yinketho ephawula kakhulu emakhaya aphakathi kwegolide apho ishabhu sikhanya kakhulu.

Ukusebenza kusuka emnqamlezini ukuze uphumelele kakhulu: Ukufaneleka ngokuthi uhlobo lwesikhala

Lokhu kuhlanganisa izahluko zomvoltaji ezihlelekile ngelengelela kusetyenziswa kwezici ezithile zomlando ukuze kube nemfundo yemisebenzi.

Ukwabelana Kwesimilo Se-Electric Nokuthintana Kwezizathu Zangaphandle

Izilungisi zamandla zikwala ukwebala kwesimilo se-elekthriki nge-30–40% ngokudala kwezinkinga eziphakeme, ekunikelwa amandla aphezu kwe-765 kV. Uhlaziyo lwesimo sezinto elisebenzayo luchaza ukuthi izilungisi ze porcelain zidala izilinganiso zaseleyini zingama-12–15 kV/cm emanzini—20% kakhulu kunazo ezifanayo ezilungele i-silicone rubber—kodwa zakhulisa ububi bakho nokuthintana kwezizathu zangaphandle ngexesha lempilo.

Ingcaciso: Yizilungisi Zamandla Ziqinile Kangakanani Ngamavoltaji Angaphezulu?

Izinhlayiya zikhiye kuzo zonke izinhlanga ukusuka ku-69 kuya ku-230 kV, kodwa xa sifika kuzo izimo ezikhulu kakhulu zolwandle oluphakeme ngaphezu kuka-900 kV, zihlulela ngamathuba angama-18% ngaphezulu kunokho kwezindlu eziqinile. Inkinga ivela ekukhuleni kwemithombo yezinhlayiya ngenkathi iyaphindezeka. Izihlobo ze-silicone azizange ziqondane nezibuko ze-fiberglass ngotingi, ikakhulu emva kwezinye zezinsuku zokulayisha nokulahlela amandla. Lokhu kwakuyinto eqashelwa khona ngokugcwele kunguqulo kaCIGRE weGrid Resilience ngoHli-Hli ngoPitsholo elandelayo. Noma kunjalo izinhlayiya zithembisa ngokuba zilula futhi zivikelela kahle kumnyama, lezi ziphikayo ezinthile zibonakala zizohleka ukulinda izimo ezikhulu kakhulu zolwandle oluphakeme ngotingi.

Amathuba Okugaya, Ukubuyiselana, Nezidingo Zokufaka

Ukuvikela Kwezimali Nezinkinga Ezahlukene Ngokusebenza Kwemithombo

Iporisheleni ibenza kahle xa ikhankathelwa, ihandla imiphumela phakathi kwe-300 ne-400 MPa, kodwa ayihandleli ukugcinelwa kahle. Ngoba yini le nqambi ekukhathazekeni kwezinkinga, sidinga amathambo okubonakala ukuze sihambise ngempela izililo eziguqukayo eziqhubekayo. Amagugu agcwele angaba ngendlela eyodwa. Abe namahluko wefibreglasi angakwamukela izililo ezingu-100 kN noma ngaphezulu. Futhi ayingila kancane uma kudingeka, lokhu kuyakwesusa kakhulu emehlweni lapho izililo ziguquka kahawuthi. Igilasi eqashelwayo isedwa phakathi. Ithola kahle ngokungahlinzeki phakathi kwezinkinga zokugaya ngama-200-250 MPa. Lokhu kubakha njalo ngoba igilasi iqashelwa futhi iqashelwa ngendlela ethile ngexesha lokwenza, yenza indawo yangege engaqashelwanga abantu bonke baziyo.

Ubunzima, Ukuphatha, Nezindleko Zokufaka Amagugu Amasontetho

Izilonda ezisekelwe kopolimera zikhusela ubukhulu bokuphakama ngama-60–80% kunazo ezenziwa ngokungalingani, kuvumela umsebenzi omothi ukubophezela nokufaka izindlu ngokushesha. Ukubalwa kwabo okuthiyo kususa izinto ezihlukile njengezibindi zamandla, kususwa ixesha lokubala ngasekhaya ngama-40% emshadulwanini yemvelo.

Imithetho engcono yokuhluka ngapha kwezimali ezivame ukuhluka

Izindlela ezibalulekile zokuhlukahluka kwezimali eziphathelene nezimali:

• Ukunyuswa kwebhuluki ngoguba noma ogwagwa ngapha kwegolide xa kufakwa ngendlela engavumelekile
• Ubuncinane bekhowudi kumakhomphutha anguqukile aqashelwe ekugcineni kakhulu (-40°C)
• Ukuciphisa kophawu emgciniselweni wamathambo-nokupolimera, okuyinxalenye engu-34% yezinhloso zeziphumo ngasekunene (Ingxoxo ye Mechanical Engineering, 2023)

Ubunzima obudala beziphumo ngemikhondo engcono

Emakhaya kweqhuba, ukugayaza kwebhola kususa iglaze yeporcelain ngamathuba angu-0.1–0.3 mm ngonyaka. Imvula yase-acid iyangeza isimo sokuthinta kwaglashe ngama-18% ngokunika imvula ngokukhanya. Ngokuphambene, izinhlayiya zesiSilicone rubber zilondoloza amathambo angu-85% emva kweguquko lokuphila emazulwini akancane emkhawulweni, ekhombisa ukumelana okungcono kumaqhuba aphambene ne-IEC 62217.

Ukungakholisi Kwezindlela Nezimpilo Zokusebenza Kwesilonda

Uguquko Lwesicopho Esingekho Ngezindlela Zokugayaza Kwesilonda

Ngokwesayensi yezimali zomthwalo wamandla, kusuka ku-2023, izinkinga eziphazanyayo kwizindawo ezinemifula zihlukene ngama-38% kuzo zihlukene ngenxa yomnyama. Uma ishabhu sibukeka ngasekuhlengeni nasezindustrengeni kusuka kumetshelo, kwenza amathuba okuthinta komthwalo ngaphandle kokuthinta kumele. Lokhu kubangela ukuthinta okuphelele okuthintileyo okwaziwa ngcono. Inkinga iyaphakama kakhulu emgcinilweni weporcelain - ubungakanani bokugcina kubangelwa yizindlela eziyisikhombisa phansi kwe-14 kuya kude ku-30% ngaphansi kwezinye izinhlelo uma kuyekelwa lezi zimo. Abasebenzi basekamelene nabasebenzi babengenzi bayitholile ukuthatha iqiniso lokushaya kwebhalo lishashayo kusenjini kungaba yinto enkulu. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthatha kwezilinganiso zeshishini leshashayo kusenjini kuchaza ukulungiswa kwezigaba zokuphatha ngaphezu kwe-26%, lokhu kusho ukuthi kunezinga elincane lezinkinga zomthwalo ezigxilileni nezindawo eziphakeme.

Ukusebenza Kuzindawo Zemfula, Zendustri, Nezindawo Ezimfutshane

I-insulatha zezilisa zihlukana kakhulu ngokuphindaphindwa kabili komthwalo wokungena kwesaline kumhlaba wasehlabathini futhi kwenza izinkinga zokucindezeka. Emandelweni amaduze, izinto ziyahlukile kodwa zimbi kakhulu kumzizi womlilo. Amavula amaningi namachibi afana nokuthutha kakhulu kwekunyakala, okubangela ukuba kube lula kakhulu futhi kwenze izikhathi ezihlukumeziwe ngoba umzizi waphakeme kakhulu ngexesha. Xa kufika ekuphileni kwezimali, isulfur dioksidi (SO2) yinto ethintekayo kakhulu ngoba ikhiqiza izifolo eziphathelene embonweni. Ukubheka izinombolo zemfundo yokusebenza kusibonisa into ethandabuzwayo futhi. Izimpendulo ze-silicone zilondoloza ngaphezu kwamathupha angu-92% wokungena kwabo kokuqhubeka kokuvikela phakade xa zitholakala kulezo zimo, ngelishwa i-zilisa ezigcwele kuphela ingena ngokuphelele kwe-74%. Lokhu kwenza uhlu olukhulu olubanzi kumsebenzi wokungenisa amandla emasimini aphathekayo noma ezinye izindlela zokuphila.

Ukutholakala kwe-UV, Ukugcina Kwezulu, Nokwahlukanwa Kwesimo Esiphakeme Nangesimilo

Ukuthwalwa kwezimali kugcina ukuguquka okuhluke kwezinkinga:

Nakuba izihlanguzelo zangaphakathi zivimela ukulahleka kuka-UV, zisebenza ngokuhlukunyezwa komlilo othile emakhanda amuhle, amancane.

Isibonelo: Ukuphazanyiswa kweZikhungo zePorcelain eziQukethe eMandla

Uhlaziyo olusekhona isikhathi esinguziphondo lophelile lwabonisa ukuthi i-63% yeziphazanyiswa zezikhungo ze-porcelain zazahlukile ngaphakathi kwe-2km yesilaba. Izahloli ngemuva kokuhlukana zazibonisa:

• Ukuciphuka kwegcinekelethi emathunjini akhambi (82% yezinto)
• Ukulahlekelwa kweglaze ngokuthutha kwesikhamo (67%)
• ukungabi nangamandla okumelela ngempawu ngokulahlekwa kwingxenye eyenzeka ngemithi (40%)

Ukushintsha kumshini wokuphazanyiswa kulezindawo kusungula ukukhala kwe-outage ngama-58% ngaphakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-18.

Ukudala, Ukulungiselela, Nokusebenza Okuphelele Kude

Imithetho Yokulahlekwa Kwizikhambi ZePorcelain, Glass, Nezikhambi Ezihlanganisiweyo

Izikhambi ze porcelain zilahlekwa ngokugcwalisa kwindawo yabo ngamachashi amancane, nokulahlekwa kwegcinekelethi kusungula ukukhula kwegcinezulu ngama-30% emva kwezingu-15 (Ingxoxo yeIEEE 2023). Izigubha ze glass zingena kuhlaba ngokulahlekwa ngokuchithwa kumzimba opholile, kodwa izinhlayiya zilahlekwa ngokuhlaba kuka-UV nokulahlekwa komoya we silicone rubber.

Imiphumela Yendlala Yenkisho Kude Kwezikhambi Zemvula

Ukuguqulwa kwezinklinga phakathi kwe-40°C ubusha kanye ne-50°C kuthinta umthelela kuququzelelo lwesilika. Umdala ubonisa ukuthi lokhu kusa kakhulu ukwakha kwamandla amabi ngama-2.7% kunokuba kusezinkingeni ezithile (CIGRE Study 2021), kuchitha ubumfihlakuse, kanye nokunyanya kwezinsiza zokugayaza ngexesha lezinyalo.

Ukulahlekelwa Kwezixhobo Zokuphula Nezimemo Ezibuyayo KuZibhalo ZiSilicone Rubber

Ukugcinwa kancinci kwezixhobo zokuphula kuziququzelelo oluhlangene, ngenxa yokubekwa kwamanzi anesalini okuthatha izikhathi ezingu-18 kusabela izilinganiso zokuxhumana kamanzi kusuka ku-120° usiya ku-60°. Kodwa, i-silicone rubber inemeko yoku-buyela: ngexesha eluhlaza, ukuguqulwa kwezinhlayiya zepolymers kubuyisela amaxeshe angu-85% ezingaphambili yezixhobo zokuphula ngaphakathi kwezintathu nezimbili iintsuku (EPRI Findings 2022).

Izenzo Zeqiniso Lokuphila Okupheleleyo

Ukuphatha kahle kufakela imibuzo yethirmografi yesinfene se-infrared nganye iminyaka engu-24 ukuze kutholakale izindawo ezikhanya, ngokwangu-1 ukuchaneka kwegesi ekhulunywa kubushings, nokumisa kwesimo sokulapha ukuze kugcinwe ubude bekhala. Izinhlanganiseli zokusebenza okusebenzisa iiframeworks eziphathelene ngokomlando zibiza ukuba kukhala okuncane ngama-40% nakungcono amasheshaya angaphezu kweminyaka engu-22 kunokuphatha okususelwa ngehora (Imininingwane yeNERC 2023).

Isikhombisi Sokuqala

Yini indlela eqondileka kakhulu yezimboni ze-porcelain?

Izimboni ze-porcelain zisebenza ngendlela ethembekile futhi emasimini apholile ngoba zinesayizi esihlukile esigcwele, ngakho-ke zilula kangakanani kunazo ezinye izinhlelo ezintsha.

Kungani izimboni ze-glass ezithintekile zithathwa njengazinzile?

Izimboni ze-glass ezithintekile zidlalwa ukuhlakulwa kabonke uma zihlukanjwe, lokhu kwenza ukuba kuncane kakhulu umngeni wokudlala kwe-electrical arcs.

Yini okwenza izimboni ezihlanganisiwe zibe nezinhlelo ezifanelekile emakhanda aphuthakayo?

Izimboni ezihlanganisiwe zingahlawula uhlelo olukhulu futhi zivumele ukuhamba, okwenzela ukuthi zisebenze kakhulu emakhanda apho izimali ezine-engqondo zingahlelelwa ngokusheshayo ngokushesha kwezempilo.

Kungani ukulahlekelwa nokubekwa kwe-UV kuthinta ubunzima beziqinisekiso ezahlukene?

Ukulahlekelwa nokubekwa kwe-UV kungakha umehluko wokuhlala kweziqinisekiso, ngaphandle kwezinquntswana ezenza izinkinga eziphathelene nempilo.